Artificial intelligence and machine learning
AI may support signal interpretation, personalization, targeting, outcome prediction, monitoring, and research. Programs should address model validity, bias, explainability, privacy, human oversight, and performance across ages and populations.
Wearables and remote monitoring
Wearable and connected technologies may characterize symptoms, physiology, adherence, function, and recovery beyond the clinic. Pediatric use requires attention to burden, validity, consent, privacy, caregiver roles, and meaningful outcomes.
Closed-loop and adaptive systems
Closed-loop systems adjust stimulation using measured signals or states. Pediatric translation requires robust biomarkers, reliable sensing, fail-safe design, careful parameter limits, long-term monitoring, and clear responsibility for clinical decisions.
Extended reality
Augmented and virtual reality may support rehabilitation, assessment, training, pain care, or interaction with stimulation systems. Programs should evaluate developmental appropriateness, sensory burden, accessibility, cybersickness, engagement, and real-world benefit.
Brain-computer interfaces
Brain-computer interfaces may create new routes for communication, control, rehabilitation, and adaptive therapy. Pediatric work should prioritize autonomy, privacy, agency, long-term device support, realistic expectations, and equitable access.
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